"Code Readers" the oft generically applied term to any
scan tool that has a diagnostic interface with the vehicle. Most readers are less than $50 and will retrieve the EPA mandated stored OBD (On Board Diagnostic) codes. With the familiar sequences of: P1001 etc. Sometimes they are helpful, others nothing more than a quick look. Tantamount to the diagnosis at Triage VS: tests, scans etc. at the hospital to reveal the real nature of the issue.
I'm getting wordy, but bear with me. Then there's what I call second tier scanners, that work both sides of the OBD connector. Having the ability to scan the OBD 2 codes AND the manufacturer codes. With the manufacturer (each one is different; BMW, Honda, Kia) codes in hand one can get a better sense of what issues have cropped up and often the frequency and sometimes you're lucky to have timestamp information. Such as the engine temperature, RPM and conditions when the issue flagged.
Then there's the Pro Level tools. Be it what the dealership uses, or amazingly sophisticated ones like Autel etc. With these we can track, watch data through the Mfr. interface and not wait for it to flag on the OBD side. Clear, run tests and even program modules. (dangerous territory if you're adventurous. You can brick a module)
Back to basics; OBD codes such as P1017 can mean one thing on a BMW, yet something a little bit different on another. With all of the different manufacturers, models of cars and the plethora of engines, quite often a P Code can mean several different things. Owing to the Mfr. trying to make a Mfr. code fit the OBD code. (Translating Sanskrit to Arabic) There's also often when the Code Reader will shed a frustrating answer: "Manufacturer Defined Code." WTF?
This is when there's something wrong but falls outside the mandated OBD requirements. (most have about twice as many as the OBD regulation mandates. To help the technician) Unless you have something more sophisticated, you're left scratching your head.
Mind you that the OBD codes are (mostly) things that can increase air pollution. As mandated by the EPA. If your AWD system goes wonky and they have diagnostic interfaces for it, it will NOT show up under OBD codes and a simple reader. Same goes for some charging issues. Unless, it creates more pollution. Like a too cold thermostat would.
Lastly only the more sophisticated tools will be able to have a conversation with ALL of the modules on a vehicle. Sometimes what may be inhibiting stop/start might not be present with the engine or transmission alone.
Way more than you ever knew about scan tools. There's a LOT more (things like Mode$06) but we'll leave it at that for today.